De causis respirationis Galenus Kühn, Karl Gottlob Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Published original versions of the electronic texts A Digital Corpus for Graeco-Arabic Studies, funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Mark Schiefsky, Harvard University Gregory R. Crane, Universität Leipzig Uwe Vagelpohl, University of Warwick Keyboarding Digital Divide Data Editor-in-Chief, Perseus Digital Library Gregory R. Crane Project Manager (University of Leipzig) Matt Munson Project Assistant (University of Leipzig) Annette Geßner Lead Developer (University of Leipzig) Thibault Clérice Technical Advisor Bruce Robertson Revised edition of the originally published versions of the electronic texts. 2024 To reuse the Kühn’s edition for the Galenus verbatim project, we (silently) corrected the texts as found in the First1KGreek repository, whether there were mistakes of transcriptions, errors in the metadata or missing parts of the text. We added bibliographical references to the previous editions referred to in Kühn’s edition as "Bas." and "Chart.": that of the Γαληνοῦ Ἅπαντα published in Basel (hence referred to as #Basel) and the Operum Hippocratis Coi, et Galeni Pergameni of René Chartier (hence referred to as #Chartier); we changed the naming schemes of the milestones indicating the corresponding Basel and Chartier pages in Kühn’s edition, and added the corresponding Basel and Chartier volume number. The editions other than that of Kühn were given milestones indicating the corresponding Kühn volume and pages when they were missing. Treatises from Kühn’s edition were given line numbers. We also added elements of structuration that were present in Kühn’s edition but were missing in the TEI, mainly the division of chapters into sections in some treatises, as well as the header for those sections. The text of headings containing the name of chapter and numbers of chapters and sections have been restored, as well as the original symbols as they appear in Kühn’s printed edition. The text numbered tlg0057.tlg096 that was separately edited was reinserted in the tlg0057.tlg095 in accordance with its location within Kühn’s edition. For details, see the revisionDesc section. Galenus verbatim, funded by the Institut universitaire de France (2019-2024), the Initiative humanités biomédicales de l’Alliance Sorbonne Université (2021-2024) and the Institut des sciences de l’Antiquité de l’Alliance Sorbonne Université (2024-2025) Nathalie Rousseau, Sorbonne Université Editor-in-Chief, Galenus verbatim Galenus verbatim, funded by the Institut universitaire de France (2019-2024), the Initiative humanités biomédicales de l’Alliance Sorbonne Université (2021-2024) and the Institut des sciences de l’Antiquité de l’Alliance Sorbonne Université (2024-2025) Nathalie Rousseau, Sorbonne Université Lead Developer, Optéos Frédéric Glorieux Digital Editor, Galenus verbatim Galenus verbatim, funded by the Institut universitaire de France (2019-2024), the Initiative humanités biomédicales de l’Alliance Sorbonne Université (2021-2024) and the Institut des sciences de l’Antiquité de l’Alliance Sorbonne Université (2024-2025) Cahal Taaffe Digital Editor, Galenus verbatim Lucas Lemperriere, Université de Rouen Galenus verbatim, funded by the Institut universitaire de France (2019-2024), the Initiative humanités biomédicales de l’Alliance Sorbonne Université (2021-2024) and the Institut des sciences de l’Antiquité de l’Alliance Sorbonne Université (2024-2025) Institut universitaire de France Initiative humanités biomédicales de l’Alliance Sorbonne Université A Digital Corpus for Graeco-Arabic Studies, funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation University of Leipzig Germany tlg0057.tlg114.1st1K-grc1.xml Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License 2016 Claudii Galeni Opera Omnia Galenus Kühn, Karl Gottlob Cnobloch Leipzig 4 465-469 1822 HathiTrust Γαληνοῦ Ἅπαντα. Galeni Pergameni Opera omnia Galenus Camerarius, Joachim Fuchs, Leonhart Gemusaeus, Hieronymus Cratander Basel 3 165-166 1538 BIU Santé, Medica Magni Hippocratis Coi, et Claudii Galeni Pergameni archiatrΩn uniuersa quae extant Galenus Chartier, René [s.n.] Paris 5 427-428 1639 BIU Santé, Medica

The following text is encoded in accordance with EpiDoc standards and with the CTS/CITE Architecture.

Typographical errors of the printed edition are marked up by a <choice> element.

End-of-line hyphenation is silently removed where appropriate.

The layout of the printed edition is marked up by <pb> and <lb> elements. The indentation type has been systematically specified with a rend value.

Titles for books of treatises are marked up by a <head> element.

Divisions in works, books, chapters, sections are marked up by a <div> element.

Headings are marked up by a <label> element. Greek numbers in headings of chapters or sections are marked up by a <num> element.

Verse lines are marked up by an <l> element.

Linegroups are marked up by an <lg> element.

Tables are marked up by a <table> element.

In the commentaries, Hippocratic lemmas are marked up by a <quote> element.

Original symbols are maintained as they appear in Kühn’s printed edition. In the Greek text, the following symbols are used: ϛ (stigma: U+03DB), ϟ (koppa: U+03DF), ϡ (sampi: U+03E1), S" (as Galen describes this symbol as a ‘Roman S’ [Ῥωμαϊκὸν S: 19.757.6-7], the Unicode character 𐅵 for ‘half’, U+10175, is not appropriate), 𐆃 (litra: U+10183), 𐅻 (drachma: U+1017B), 𐆈 (gramma: U+10188), 𐅼 (obol: U+1017C), 𐅽 (two obols: U+1017D), Ͻ (capital lunate reverse sigma: U+03FD), 𐆅 (xestes: U+10185), 𐆂ο (kyathos: U+10182+ super omicron 03BF), ♃ (Jupiter: U+2643). In the pseudo-Galenic text Prognostica de decubitu ex mathematica scientia (urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0530.tlg024.verbatim-grc1), the following astrological symbols are also used: ♒ (aquarius: U+2652), ♈ (aries: U+2648), ♋ (cancer: U+264B), ♑ (capricorn: U+2651), ♀ (female sign: U+2640), ♊ (gemini: U+264A), ☾ (last quarter moon: U+263E), ♌ (leo: U+264C), ♎ (libra: U+264E), ♂ (male sign: U+2642), ☿ (mercury: U+263F), ☍ (opposition: U+260D), ♓ (pisces: U+2653), ♐ (sagittarius: U+2650), ♄ (saturn: U+2644), ♏ (scorpio: U+264F), ☉ (sun: U+2609), ♉ (taurus: U+2649), ♍ (virgo: U+264D), □ (white square: U+25A1).

The Unicode character dexia keraia (U+0374) is used to indicate the numeric use of Greek letters.

 Greek First round of revisions for publication on the Galenus verbatim website. Added bibliographical information on the editions referred to in Kühn’s edition as "Bas." and "Chart." Corrected and added milestone tags for the missing page changes of both Basel and Chartier editions when they were missing. Punctual correction to the digitization of Kühn’s text. Correction and additions of the sections <div> level when they were missing to better reflect the structure of Kühn’s edition. Modification to the subtype of some <div> to better reflect the structure of Kühn’s edition. Added <label> elements for all headings of chapters and sections. Added <l> elements for verse lines and <lg> elements for linegroups. Symbols that the initial transcription rendered as abbreviations have been restored as they appear in Kühn’s printed edition. For details, see the editorialDecl section. Added line number. The text of headings containing the name of chapter and numbers of chapters and sections have been restored and marked with <label> and <num> elements. All the indentations have been restored. The transcription of the Greek numerals has been verified. The correct Unicode character dexia keraia (U+0374) has been restored to indicate the numeric use of Greek letters in place of the erroneous acute accent (U+0384) that appeared in the initial transcription. The transcription of the punctuation has been reviewed overall, with line-by-line checks for suspicious character sequences. In particular, numerous spurious punctuation marks (dots, commas, apostrophes) present in the initial transcription but corresponding to print smudges in Kühn’s printed edition have been silently removed; whereas punctuation errors originating in the printed edition have been marked up by a <choice> element, in accordance with the principles stated in the editorialDecl section.
ΓΑΛΗΝΟΥ ΠΕΡΙ ΤΩΝ ΤΗΣ ΑΝΑΠΝΟΗΣ ΑΙΤΙΩΝ.

Τὰ τῆς ἀναπνοῆς αἴτια ὁ προκείμενος ἀποδεῖξαι λόγος ἐπαγγέλλεται. οὔτε γὰρ βεβαιώσασθαι τὴν ὑπόθεσιν τῆς ἀναπνοῆς, οὔτε παραποδιζομένην ἢ καὶ τέλεον εἰργομένην ἐπανορθώσασθαι δυνατὸν τὰς αἰτίας αὐτῆς ἀγνοοῦντα. ὁ γὰρ τὸ ποιοῦν φωράσας πρὸς ἀλήθειαν, οὗτος εἰδήσει μόνος καὶ τῆς βλάβης τὴν διαφορὰν, καὶ τῆς ἰάσεως τὸν τρόπον. ὄντων δὲ τριῶν κατὰ γένος, ὡς τύπῳ φάναι, τῶν αἰτίων τῆς ἀναπνοῆς, δυνάμεως προαιρετικῆς, ὀργάνων τῶν ὑπηρετουμένων τῇ προαιρέσει, κᾀπὶ τούτοις τῆς χρείας, δι’ ἣν καὶ τῶν προκειμένων αἰτίων δεόμεθα, ἡ μὲν χρεία τὸ κυριώτατόν ἐστι τῶν τῆς ἀναπνοῆς αἰτίων, τηροῦσα μὲν τὴν συμμετρίαν τῆς ἐμφύτου θερμασίας, τρέφουσα δὲ τὴν οὐσίαν τοῦ ψυχικοῦ πνεύματος· ἡ προαίρεσις δὲ διατάττει καὶ οἷον ῥυθμίζει τὰς ἀναπνευστικὰς ἐνεργείας· τό γε μὴν τῶν ὀργάνων εἶδος πολυσχιδὲς καὶ πολύτροπόν τι καθέστηκε. τὰ μὲν γὰρ τῇ παρακομιδῇ τοῦ πνεύματος ἀνάκειται· τὰ δ’ ὑποδέχεται τὸν ἀέρα· τὰ δὲ τούτων ἐστὶ κινητικὰ τῶν κινούντων. ἀρχὴ μὲν οὖν διὰ τοῦ στόματος καὶ τῶν ῥινῶν ἑλκόμενος ἀὴρ, ὕλη τυγχάνων τῆς κατὰ τὴν ἀναπνοὴν χρείας, διχῇ μεριζόμενος, θατέρῳ μὲν, τῷ μείονι, διὰ τῶν ῥινῶν εἰς τὸν ἐγκέφαλον φερόμενος, θατέρῳ δὲ, τῷ πλείονι, διὰ τῆς τραχείας ἀρτηρίας εἰς τὸν πνεύμονα κομιζόμενος. αὐτή γε μὴν ἡ ἀρτηρία, ὄργανον οὖσα φωνῆς, ὁδός ἐστιν ἀναπνοῆς. ὁ δὲ πνεύμων οἷα βαθὺς γαστὴρ ὑπόκειται τῷ πνεύματι. τούτου δὲ τὰς διαστολάς τε καὶ συστολὰς ὁ θώραξ οἰακίζει, μυσὶ κινούμενος, ὀστοῖς τε διαρθρούμενος. καὶ μὴν καὶ τὸ διάφραγμα· καὶ γὰρ δὴ καὶ αὐτὸ τοῦτο ἦν ὄργανον ἀναπνοῆς· κυκλοτερὲς δέ ἐστι, καὶ νευρῶδες μὲν περὶ τὸ κέντρον ἑαυτοῦ, σαρκῶδες δὲ τὰ πέριξ. οὕτω δὲ καὶ οἱ κατὰ τὰς πλευρὰς μύες, οἱ μὲν ἐν ταῖς μέσαις χώραις αὐτοῦ δύο καὶ εἴκοσιν τυγχάνουσιν, καὶ δύο μὲν οἱ τῶν πρώτων πλευρῶν, ἰσάριθμοι δὲ τούτων οἱ τῶν ἐσχάτων δύο· καὶ πρὸς τούτοις οἱ καθήκοντες ἐκ τοῦ τραχήλου τρεῖς· εἶθ’ οἱ παρατεταμένοι τοῖς ῥαχίταις ἑπτά· σὺν αὐτοῖς δὲ οἱ κατ’ ἐπιγάστριον ὀκτώ. τοσοῦτοι μὲν οἱ ὑπηρετοῦντες μύες τῇ ἀναπνοῇ. ἐνέργειαι δὲ καθ’ ἕκαστον τούτων, τῶν μὲν τῶν φρενῶν, ἀβίαστον ἐργάζεσθαι τὴν ἀναπνοὴν, τῶν δὲ κατὰ τὰς πλευρὰς, διαστέλλειν τε καὶ συστέλλειν ἀκριβῶς τὸν θώρακα. διπλῶν δὲ ὄντων αὐτῶν, οἱ μὲν ἐκτὸς τὴν ἐκπνοὴν, οἱ δ’ ἐντὸς τὴν εἰσπνοὴν ἀποτελοῦσιν. καὶ τῶν μὲν πρώτων δυοῖν ἐνέργεια μέν ἐστι διαστέλλειν μόνον τὸ ἄνω τοῦ θώρακος μέρος, τῶν δ’ ἐσχάτων συστέλλειν μόνον τὸ κάτω μέρος. οἱ δ’ ἐκ τῶν τραχήλων καθήκοντες ἀνασπῶσί τε ἅμα καὶ διαστέλλουσι τὰ τοῦ θώρακος ὑψηλὰ μόρια. τῶν δὲ ὀρθίων τῶν κατὰ τὸν τράχηλον οἱ μὲν πρὸς τὰς κλεῖς ἀνατεινόμενοι προστέλλουσι τὰ ταύτῃ πέρατα τῶν χόνδρων, ὥσπερ καὶ οἱ παρατεταμένοι ταῖς ῥαχίτισι ῥίζαις τῶν πλευρῶν. οἱ δὲ κατ’ ἐπιγάστριον, ἕδρα τῶν φρενῶν ὄντες, τῇ τοῦ θώρακος βοηθοῦσι συστολῇ. διττῶν τοίνυν οὐσῶν κατὰ γένος τῶν ἀναπνοῶν, ἀβιάστου τε καὶ βιαίας, εἶθ’ ἑκατέρας αὐτῶν ἐχούσης οἰκεῖα μόρια βʹ, τήν τε εἰσπνοὴν καὶ τὴν ἐκπνοὴν, τέτταρα τὰ σύμπαντα μόρια γίγνεται τῆς ἀναπνοῆς. καθ’ ἕκαστον δὲ τῶν τεττάρων ἰδία τις φύσις ὀργάνων ἐστὶ, ἀβιάστου μὲν εἰσπνοῆς τὸ διάφραγμα, βιαίας δὲ ἥ τε κατὰ τὰ σιμὰ τῶν ὠμοπλατῶν, ἥ τ’ ἐντὸς τῶν μεσοπλευρίων μοῖρα· ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ τῆς ἐκπνοῆς, ἀβιάστου μὲν οἱ κατ’ ἐπιγάστριον μύες, βιαίας δὲ τῶν μεσοπλευρίων ἡ ἐκτὸς μοῖρα. τὰ μὲν δὴ κατὰ τοὺς μῦς ᾧδ’ ἔχει. τῶν δὲ νεύρων τὰ μὲν εἰς τὸ διάφραγμα καθήκοντα, ἐκ τῆς μεταξὺ τετάρτου τε καὶ πέμπτου τῶν ἐν τῷ τραχήλῳ σπονδύλων διαρθρώσεως ὁρμηθέντα, δύο ὄντα, εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ νευρῶδες αὐτοῦ μέρος καταφύεται· τὰ δ’ εἰς τοὺς μεσοπλευρίους μῦς ἐκ τῆς ῥάχεως διασπειρόμενα εἰς τὸ στέρνον φέρονται, οὔτ’ οὖν ὀρθὰ κατὰ τοῦ ζώου μῆκος ἐκτεινόμενα, οὔτ’ ἐγκάρσια ὁμοίως τοῖς μυσὶν, ἀλλὰ λοξὰ φερόμενα, κεφαλὴν μὲν ἔχοντα τὸν ταύτῃ σπόνδυλον, τελευτὴν δὲ τὸ στέρνον. καὶ μὴν καὶ τὰ εἰς τοὺς ἄλλους μῦς τοὺς τῆς ἀναπνοῆς δημιουργοὺς φερόμενα σχεδὸν ἅπαντα ἐκ τοῦ ῥαχίτου μυελοῦ βεβλάστηκε. τοιούτων οὖν καὶ τοσούτων ὑπαρχόντων τῶν τῆς ἀναπνοῆς αἰτίων, εὔδηλον τῷ γε μὴ παντάπασιν ἀνοήτῳ, τίνι διενήνοχεν ἕκαστον αὐτῶν. ἡ μὲν γὰρ προαίρεσις ἔοικε τῷ κινοῦντι τὰς ἡνίας καὶ τοὺς ἵππους ἀναβάτῃ· ταῖς δ’ ἡνίαις τὰ νεῦρα ἐοίκασι, καθάπερ καὶ ἵπποις οἱ μύες· οὕτω δὲ καὶ ἡ χρεία τὸ ἔσχατον ὀρεκτὸν καθέστηκε τῆς ἀναπνοῆς, ὥσπερ ἡ νίκη τῆς ἡνιοχικῆς.